COPYRIGHT LAWS

Copyright was invented after the advent of printing and the subsequent expansion of public literacy. As a legal concept was originated in Britain in response to the monopoly of printing in the early eighteenth century. In the United Kingdom, was king of England and Scotland are affected by the unregulated copying of books and use the royal prerogative to pass the Licensing Act 1662 established a register of licensed books and required a copy to be deposited with the Stationers Company, essentially continuing approval of material for the printers, who had long been in force. Statute of Anne in 1709 was the first real act of copyright, and gave the copyright in the new state of the rights of the United Kingdom for a specified period after the copyright has expired. Internationally set the Berne Convention, 9 September 1886 level of copyright protection, and remains in force until the present. The copyright has gone from a legal concept regulating copying rights in the publishing of books and cards to one with a significant impact on almost all modern industries, covering topics such as sound recordings, films, photographs, software and architectural works.

History copyright

The authors, sponsors, and owners of works throughout the ages have tried to direct and control how copies of these works can be used once disseminated to others. Mozart's patron, Baroness von Waldstätten, allowed his compositions created for her to perform, while Handel's patron, George I, jealously guarded "Water Music".

Modern copyright has been affected by a series of older legal rights that have been recognized throughout history, including moral rights of the author who created a work that the economic rights of a benefactor who paid for having a copy made, property rights of the individual owner of a copy, and a sovereign right to censor and regulate the printing industry. Before the invention of printing in the West in the mid-fifteenth century, texts were copied by hand, and the small number of texts produced few opportunities for these rights to be tested. Even in a period of a flourishing book trade in the Roman Empire, when no copyright or similar are not imitated by various professional booksellers were rare. This is because the books were usually copied by illiterate slaves, which were expensive to buy and maintain. Therefore, a copy having paid much cost as much as a professional editor. Roman bookstores, sometimes it pays a significant driving force for the first access to a text to copy, but did not have exclusive rights over the work and the authors usually do not pay anything for their work.

In the following centuries, the destruction of the Roman Empire, European companies Literary almost exclusively confined to monasteries. The Roman use, could the authors have their works to booksellers, and the latter could be sure of one or another form of commercial control of the assets acquired, was completely forgotten. (In a novel by Ken Follett Pillars of the Earth, a character is surprised to meet a woman who actually books that usually owned by churches and monasteries.)

Before the legal and economic restrictions on ownership of print was at times one could find an author or book archivist curse inscribed on a given quantity. Beyond this, however, two important events in the fourteenth and fifteenth century, seems to have triggered the development of modern copyright. Firstly, an expansion of mercantile trade in major European cities, and the emergence of the secular university helped produce an educational bourgeois class interested in the details of the day. This helped stimulate the development of a public sphere, there were more and more paper products company that produces copies of books on demand. Second, Gutenberg's development of movable type and the development and spread of printing made mass reproduction of printed works quick and much cheaper than ever. Before printing, the process of copying a work can be almost as time consuming and expensive to create the original, and was broadly refers to the monastic scribes.

Politicians and publishers rather than authors, were the first to seek restrictions on copying of printed works. Given that music publishers and film in particular, commonly now obtain the copyright in a creator (but rarely a writer of books) as a condition for the mass reproduction of a work, one of the criticisms of the current system is that it benefits more than editors are not creators. This is one of the main arguments in favor of peer-to-peer file sharing systems, making an analogy with the changes wrought by printing.

An interesting test of copyright in the modern period was the notice attached to the Ha-li-Asher Shirim Shelomo, a setting of Psalms, the composer Salomone Rossi, who was the first music to be printed with a Hebrew form of the face text . It included a rabbinical curse on anyone who has copied the contents.

The recent history of globalization and technological crisis

Digital technology brings a new level of controversy over copyright policy. Recording software as an object of copyright on the recommendation of CONTU and then with the EU directive on computer programs.

Incorporation of TRIPS.

Controversy on the rights of the databases (Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service, and cases contradictory), links to discussion of sui generis databases.

The Order of the WIPRO Treaty, nations begin to adopt laws against circumvention. Some copyrighted works are difficult to protect. Music, for example, can be played or sung by all, after it was published. But if done for profit, artists must pay a fee, called a royalty to the copyright owner. A similar principle applies to performances of plays.